Problem solving and decision making.

In this session we learnt the process of identifying root causes of problems, generating solutions to problems, establishing decision-making criteria, and using those criteria to select the best alternative solution to problems. We learnt to evaluate the benefits and risks of individual versus group decision-making approaches. Sir taught us how to apply the problem solving and decision making Processes to the work situations.  

Definition of a Problem: A problem exists when there is a gap between what you expect to happen and what actually happens.

• ·         Problems must be resolved for organizations to function properly.
• ·         Manager must be aware of current situations to recognize whether a problem exists.

Definition of Decision Making: Decision making is selecting a course of action from the available alternatives.Process of analyzing critical data to determine the best decision. We do not always select the best choice when faced with alternatives.

•  Need a rational, systematic, and effective approach for deciding on a course of action.
• Organization has limited resources (number of employees, time, money, etc.) and those limits require managers and supervisors to make choices.

PROBLEM-SOLVING MODEL

 The problem-solving model shown below represents another approach that manager can use to help them find solutions to problems and to make wise decisions. Within its three steps are numerous procedures that manger can use as guides to solve a problem.

 Step 1: Understanding the Problem

• Review the issue again.

• Write down what you know.

• Look for key phrases.

• Find the important information.

• Tell it in your own words.

• Tell what you are trying to find.

 Step 2: Selecting Strategies  

• Make a model — involve the senses.

• Make an organized list or table.

• Look for a pattern — find relationships.

• Guess (or conjecture) and test.

• Make an organized drawing or sketch.

• Work backwards — start with the consequence.

• Role-play — become an active player.

• Solve a simpler matter — try simulations.

• Use estimation.

Step 3: Looking Back: Checking the Answer

• Does the answer make sense?

• Is it reasonable?

• Can the issue be generalized?

• Is there a pattern?

• Are there other similar situations?

Four steps in the Problem Solving - Decision Making process:

1: Situation Analysis. We need to do some valuing and we need to set priorities of what is urgent and what is important.

 2: Problem Analysis. This first needs information gathering from various sources both internal and external. Then we need to properly DEFINE the problem at hand.

 3: Solution Analysis.  First we need to GET IDEAS. This can be from brain storming sessions. Then we need to MAKE A DECISION. By nature, both these are contradictory. IDEA GETTING is an expanding or selection process while the DECISION MAKING process is a contracting or eliminating process. Usually we use the Dialectical Method to reach a decision.

4: Implementation. This is extremely important. Without this then all the decision making is an utter waste of time. We need to get others involved as they are also stakeholders and we need to make a proper plan for implementation.